Gastrulationamphibian.pptVIP

* 5. Amphibian Gastrulation * Fate maps of the blastula of the Xenopus 爪蟾胚胎原基分布图 Superficial layer of animal hemisphere? ectoderm Superficial layer of vegetal hemisphere ? endoderm The cells beneath the surface in the equatorial (marginal region) ? mesoderm * 原肠腔 囊胚腔 * (1) Cell movements during amphibian gastrulation The invagination of cells below the equator in the gray crescent（灰色新月区） initiates the gastrulation. The next phase involves the involution of the marginal zone cells（边缘带细胞）. Marginal zone: the zone surrounding the equator of the blastula, where the animal and vegetal hemispheres meet. While the animal cells undergo epiboly and cover the entire embryo . * The formation of LB (Lip of the blastopore : 胚孔唇） * Firstly: dorsal lip Then: the dorsal lip expands laterally to form lateral lips. Finally: a ventral lip develops over which additional mesodermal and endodermal precursors cells pass. * Xenopus * Lip of the blastopore (LB: 胚孔唇） The first cells to compose the dLB(背唇): the bottle cells that invaginated to form the endoderm later. Then: cells that involute to become the head mesoderm later. Next: chordamesoderm (脊索中胚层) cells. The cells constituting the dLB are constantly changing: * (2) Positioning the blastopore The entry of sperm causes the rotating 30o of cytoplasm toward upward, which activates the cytoplasm opposite the point of sperm entry, enabling it to initiate gastrulation. * The factors that initiate gastrulation is in the internal cytoplasm. 第一次卵裂进入到40－50％时，30×g 4分钟 * (3) Invagination and involution * Bottle cells（瓶状细胞）: The main body of each cell goes toward the inside while the cell maintains contact with the outside surface by way of a slender (微细的）neck. The outer-inner length of these cells greatly increase to yield the “bottle” shape. * Vegetal rotation IMZ * Vegetal rotation: at least 2 hours before the bottle cells form, internal cell movements propel（推动）the cells of the dorsal floor of the blastocoel to be immediately above t