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Carnine and Meeder Principles Random assignment of students and teachers to conditions Representative and unbiased sample Minimum N=12 per condition Valid, reliable measures Confounding variables controlled Valid statistics Educationally significant National Reading Panel Standards True or quasi-experiment; Study participants must be carefully described (age, demographic, cognitive, academic, and behavioral characteristics); Study interventions must be described in sufficient detail to allow for replicability, including how long the interventions lasted and how long the effects lasted; Study methods must allow judgments about how instruction fidelity was insured; and Studies must include a full description of outcome measures. Research Reform Proposal A new, independent “Education Audit Agency” Dedicated to the canons of scientific inquiry and the pursuit of truth, without fear or favor In its conduct of education research, the Education Audit Agency should strive for scientific rigor, including, to the maximum degree possible, randomized field trials. A Definition of Research NERPPB Policy Statement Norm-referenced English writing scores by parent educational level, District B. High School Some High School High School or GED Beyond High School Parent Education What is sound theory? Attributes of effective schools and classrooms have been identified that refer to school factors extending beyond the program types with respect to language: a supportive school-wide climate, school leadership, a customized learning environment, articulation and coordination within and between schools, some use of native language and culture in the instruction of language-minority students, a balanced curriculum that incorporates both basic and higher-order skills, explicit skills instruction, opportunities for student-directed activities, use of instructional strategies that enhance understanding, opportunities for practice, systematic student assessment, staff development, and