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Supplemental materials to be available online Optimization of force produced by electromagnet needles acting on superparamagnetic microparticles Yu Xiang, Jacob Miller, Vincent Sica and David A. LaVan Numerical Method To avoid singularities, it is often easier to solve a magnetic field using the magnetic potential A as the dependent variable[33], which is defined as . Maxwell-Ampere’s law for magnetostatic fields is , where H is the magnetic field intensity and J is the external current density. With the constitutive relationship, B=μ0 (H +M), the equation can be rewritten as: (A1) For axisymmetric problems, (A1) can be written in polar coordinates (er, eφ, ez), as: (A2) where u = Aφ / r. For this work, equation A2 is solved using the finite element method, in a space that is much larger (50D x 25L) than the EMN’s characteristic dimensions (D x L), to obtain the magnetic field and magnetic force generated. To obtain high accuracy of the magnetic force results, the mesh resolution around the needle tip and the particle has been adjusted to be of ultra fine quality (see Fig 1-b1). The formula F=m?(B can be used to estimate magnetic forces on infinitesimal particles[1]; for particles with finite size, an alternative and more accurate technique is preferable, and has been adopted in these simulations. The Maxwell stress tensor is integrated over the entire particle boundary (on the outer surface). Inside the particle, the Maxwell stress is balanced by non-electromagnetic stresses to assure div(stress)=0; otherwise there will be momentum transport inside the particle. Only the Maxwell stress on the vacuum side contributes to the total net force [34]. The Maxwell stress tensor is given by [35]: (A3) Most previous closed-form solutions and derivative design philosophies related to this problem have ignored these nonlinear behaviors and relied on far-field assumptions that are no