《高三英语语法非谓语动词复习学案.doc

高三英语语法非谓语动词复习学案 【基本概念】 对英语动词的基本认识 英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外，还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如 下。 时态 （按高考要求共九个时态） 谓语动词 语态 （主动语态和被动语态） 语气 （陈述语气和虚拟语气） 主谓一致 动词 动词不定式 非谓语动词 分词 （现在分词和过去分词） 动名词 非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。 2.分词的语法作用 分词分现在分词和过去分词两类，具有形容词和副词的语法功能，在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。 例1： The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging. (P.51, Senior Book 2B) 句中的现在分词encouraging充当句子的表语。 例2： The people performing all play different instrument. (P.49, Senior Book2B) Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of death. (P.52, Senior Book2A) 现在分词performing作后置定语，修饰the people; 过去分词polluted作定语修饰rivers and lakes。 例3： So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him, and went to live in English. (P.57, Senior Book2B) 现在分词短语 preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him 作状语，表示he left France and went to live in England 的原因。 Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. (P.14 Senior Book2B) 过去分词短语well known for his expert advice 也充当状语，表示原因。 分词短语充当状语时，其作用相当于一个状语从句，因此都可以用状语从句替代。Well known for his expert advice = Because he was known for his expert advice,显然，按照修辞的标准衡量，分词短语较状语从句更为精练。 例4： They broke into the uncle’s bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. (P.16, Senior Book2B) I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. (P.16 Senior Book2B) The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. (P.53,Senior Book2A) 以上三句划线的部分都是宾语补足语,其中第三句的shut在主动语态中是过去分词做宾补,改为被动语态后,主动语态的宾语gate变为被动语态的主语,因此语法上称之为 “主补”。宾语补足语是汉语所没有的句子成分，然而却类似于汉语中的兼语。在英语中，宾语同宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，这是理解宾语补足语时必须搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的man是宾语，和宾语补足语lying on the floor之间具有逻辑上