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CHAPTER 22 The Revolution in Energy and Industry (ca 1780–1860) Instructional Objectives After reading and studying this chapter, students should be able to discuss the origins and development of the Industrial Revolution in Britain between 1780 and 1850. They should be able to describe the response of continental countries to the challenge of industrialization. They should also be able to assess the impact of industrialization on social classes, the standard of living, and patterns of work. Finally, they should be able to outline the measures that were taken to improve the working conditions of industrial laborers. Chapter Outline I. The Industrial Revolution in Britain A. Eighteenth-Century Origins 1. Social and economic factors influenced England’s takeoff. a) Colonial markets for manufactured goods contributed. b) The canal network constructed in Britain after 1770 contributed. c) Productive English agriculture meant capital available for investment and spending money for ordinary people to purchase industrial goods. 2. A stable government and an effective central bank also fostered industrial growth in England. B. The First Factories 1. A growing demand for textiles led to the creation of the world’s first large factories. 2. The putting-out system could not keep up with the demand. 3. A constant shortage of thread in the textile industry focused attention on ways of improving spinning. 4. The first consequences of industrialization were more beneficial than is generally believed. 5. Working conditions in early factories were worse than those of cottage weavers and spinners. C. The Problem of Energy 1. The cotton textile industry could not have continued to grow using existing energy sources. 2. In the eighteenth century, Britain experienced an energy shortage as the wood supply shrank. 3. The wood shortage caused the iron industry to stagnate. D. The Steam Engine Breakthrough 1. Part of the general revolution was the shift from wood to coal as the primary ener