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Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya Pushpak Bhattacharyya CS626-449: Speech, NLP and the Web/Topics in AI Pushpak Bhattacharyya CSE Dept., IIT Bombay Lecture-24: Consonants (place and manner of articulation) and Vowels Phonteic Symbols and IPA notation IPA: vowels Places of articulation Place of Articulation (1/3) Labial: Consonants whose main restriction is formed by the two lips coming together have a bilabial place of articulation. In English these include [p] as in possum, [b] as in bear, and [m] as in marmot. The English labiodental consonants [v] and [f] are made by pressing the bottom lip against the upper row of teeth and letting the air flow through the space in the upper teeth Dental: Sounds that are made by placing the tongue against the teeth are dentals. The main dentals in English are the [th] of thing or the [dh] of though, which are made by placing the tongue behind the teeth with the tip slightly between the teeth. Place of Articulation (2/3) Alveolar: The alveolar ridge is the portion of the roof of the mouth just behind ALVEOLAR the upper teeth. Most speakers of American English make the phones [s], [z], [t], and [d] by placing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. The word cooronal is often used to refer to both dental and alveolar. Palatal: The roof of the mouth (the palate) rises sharply from the back of the alveolar ridge. The palato-alveolar sounds [sh] (shrimp), [ch] (china), [zh] (Asian), and [jh] (jar) are made with the blade of the tongue against this rising back of the alveolar ridge. The palatal sound [y] of yak is made by placing the front of the tongue up close to the palate. Place of Articulation (3/3) Velar: The velum or soft palate is a movable muscular flap at the very back of the roof o