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A Quick Lesson On Crude Oil Crude oil is composed of thousands of different chemical compounds, all with different boiling points. A typical crude oil may begin to boil ~150°F; at 1000°F there is still crude oil which has not boiled. Crude oil is generally described as being light/heavy or sweet/sour. There are no strict definitions describing these measures. In general a heavy crude is 25°API while a light crude is 30°API. API is an index which is a relative measure of weight; the lower the number the heavier the material. In general sour crude has more than 2% sulfur, while sweet has less than 0.5%. The majority of Venezuelan oil is heavy and sour. Value Creation At The Refineries Refineries add value in two primary ways: Separating oil into its more valuable components The primary process is fractionation. Another widely used process is extraction. Chemically reacting the components to create more valuable products Primary examples are: Hydrodesulfurization Reforming Cat Cracking Coking Separation Processes Most refinery equipment is for separation, which exploits the chemical differences of the compounds in crude oil. Separation Processes Fractionation (atmospheric and vacuum) takes advantage of the fact that different compounds have different boiling points. Extraction takes advantage of the solubility of different compounds for a solvent. Other separation processes (less common): crystallization, etc. The Refining Process Atmospheric Fractionation The crude oil is heated to over 700°F at atmospheric pressure. The smaller/lighter compounds come out of the top, the heaviest out of the bottom. For CITGO’s complex refineries, the products are further processed in the refinery: Butane and lighter are further processed. Propane is recovered and sold. Butane is blended to gasoline during the winter. Naphtha is sent to the Reformers. Kerosene light gas oil are hydrotreated and blended turbine diesel respectively. Heavy gas oil is sent to the Cat Crackers. Stra