ppt课件-watersoftening-rowanuniversity.pptVIP

WATER SOFTENING removal of hardness Hardness is?... How is Softening done?... Why bother? Hardness in 300-500 mg/l as CaCO3 range considered excessive Even 150 mg/l may result in consumer objection 60-120 mg/l as CaCO3 is considered a moderate amount Formation of Hardness Hardness Carbonate Hardness Often called temporary hardness because heating the water will remove it. When the water is heated, the insoluble carbonates will precipitate and tend to form bottom deposits in water heaters. Ca2+, Mg2+ associated with HCO3-, CO32- CH = TH or Total alkalinity, whichever is less Hardness