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VOLUME IV 1996-2003 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY BIOLOGISTS Douglas M. Smith, Ph.D., Editor Staff Katrina Horner Marlene Hodos Clarion University of Pennsylvania Table of Contents CPUB Constitution……………………………………………….….4 CPUB Past Presidents………………………………………….…….10 CPUB Outstanding Students…………………………………….….12 Introduction…………………………………………………...12 Bloomsburg …………………………………………………………….12 California University……………………………………………………12 Cheyney University……………………………………………………..12 Clarion University………………………………………………………12 East Stroudsburg University…………………………………………….13 Edinboro University…………………………………………………….13 Indiana University………………………………………………………13 Kutztown University……………………………………………………13 Lock Haven University…………………………………………………14 Mansfield University…………………………………………………...14 Millersville University………………………………………………….14 Shippensburg University………………………………………………..14 Slippery Rock University……………………………………………….15 West Chester University………………………………………………..15 CPUB Abstracts Title Page…………………………………………16 Abstracts Presented at Mansfield University (1996)………………..17 Abstracts Presented at East Stroudsburg University (1997)……….43 Abstracts Presented at California University (1998)………………76 Abstracts Presented at Lock Haven University (1999)……………98 Abstracts Presented at Clarion University (2000)………………...122 Abstracts Presented at Bloomsburg University (2001)…………...141 Abstracts Presented at Lock Haven University (2002)…………...163 Abstracts Presented at Shippensburg University (2003)………….194 Author Index……………………………………………………...224 CONSTITUTION FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA UNIVESITY BIOLOGISTS Article I – Name and Objectives Section 1: Name The name of the organization shall be: The Association of Pennsylvania State College and University Biologists. In 1984 the name of the organization was changed tot the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania University Biologists Section 2: Object