floodmanagement（10页）.docVIP

Flood management Abstract Flood engineering has a long history. For example, evidence of engineering dates back 4,000 years in the Middle East and China. The aim of flood defence is to reduce the risk of flooding. Two broad categories of flood defence exist: Hard engineering structures, such as dams, levées and channel modification. Soft engineering techniques, such as afforestation, terracing of slopes and the re-creation of floodplains. Hard engineering structures are often point-specific, whereas soft structures are more extensive in area. Introduction As early as 1864 George Perkins Ma