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Cleavage, Blastula Gastrulation in Invertebrates
Chapters 8, 9
I. Overview of Early Development
Events of Cleavage
Yolk
Cleavage Patterns
Control of cell division
Cytoskeleton in mitosis
Gastrulation
Axis formation
I A. Events of Cleavage
Rapid rate of cell division (mitosis)
Frog egg from zygote to 43,000 cells in 40 hours
No overall growth of embryo
Lack of cell growth between division
Cells get progressively smaller
Cytoplasmic volume to nuclear volume ratio decreases
Sea urchin decreases 91 fold (550:1 to 6:1)
Amphibian decreases 1,000 fold
Reduction in cytoplasmic : nuclear volume ratio affects timing of nuclear events (transcription)
Xenopus, transcription occurs after 12 divisions (midblastula transition)
If double chromatin, transcription occurs after 11 divisions
Biochemical events
Increased DNA synthesis
Increased protein synthesis
Not much initial RNA synthesis
Biochemical events
Actinomysin D (transcription block) does not block cleavage
Conclusion?
Puromycin (translation block) does block cleavage
Conclusion?
I B. Yolk
Areas of egg
Animal pole/hemisphere
Low yolk concentration
Where polar bodies given off
Vegetal pole/hemisphere
Higher yolk concentration
Orients to bottom (down), as yolk dense
Amounts of yolk
Microlecithal
Very small amounts of yolk
Echinoderms, mammals
Mesolecithal
Moderate amount of yolk
amphibians
Macrolecithal
Very large amounts of yolk
Birds, reptiles, some fish
Distribution of yolk
Isolecithal
Evenly distributed throughout cytoplasm
Echinoderms, mammals
Telolecithal
Concentrated at one end
Amphibians, birds, reptiles, fish
Centrolecithal
Concentrated in middle
Insects
I C. Cleavage Patterns
Patterns affected by
Cytoplasmic factors altering angle of mitotic spindle
Amount and distribution of yolk
Cleavage of two main types
Holoblastic
Furrows completely through egg/embryo
Microlecithal and mesolecithal
Four main variants
Radial
Spiral
Bilateral
Rotational
Figure 8.4(1) Summary of the Main Patterns of Cleav
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