para1- cengage learning（虽然这些——cengage学习）（12页）.docVIP

Chapter 1 Making a “New” World, to 1588 Learning Objectives After you read and analyze this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe the evolution and achievements of Native American cultures from their beginnings to the eve of Columbus’s discovery of America. 2. Explain why Europeans turned to overseas expansion and how they dealt with the many obstacles that stood in their way. 3. Describe how the meeting of American Indians, Europeans, and Africans in the aftermath of Christopher Columbus’s discovery of the Western hemisphere affected and changed each. Chapter Outline I. A World of Change A. American Origins 1. While upheaval was shaping the western portion of the Western Hemisphere, erosion was the sculptor in the East. 2. Human evolution has proceeded against a backdrop of the great Ice Ages. a) Recent archaeological finds and isolated discoveries, such as the Kenniwick Man, suggest that many different groups of migrating people may have arrived and either coexisted or succeeded each other over this 60,000-year period. b) The majority of North America’s original residents are descended from three separate migrating groups: Paleo-Indians, the Na-Dene people, and the Eskimos. c) A warming trend 9,000 years ago led American Indians to shift from game hunting to other forms of existence. 3. Maize (corn), along with other engineered plants like beans, squash, and chilies, formed the basis for an agricultural revolution in North America, allowing many people to settle in villages for longer periods. a) Successful adaptation and population growth led some North American Indians to build large, ornate cities. B. Change and Restlessness in the Atlantic World 1. During the few centuries following Mohammed’s death in 632, Muslim Arabs, Turks, and Moors made major inroads into western Asia and northern Africa, eventually encroaching on Europe’s southern and eastern frontiers. 2. The Vikings explored Europe’s eastern and western regions and sailed westward, first sightin