Lesso的n 02.pptVIP

Lesson 2 Basic Notations Communication channel The medium used to convey information from a sender to a receiver Channel Different definition of “channel” A physical medium connecting the sender and the receiver: wire, RF (radio frequency), microwave, IR (infrared), optics, underwater acoustic, etc A single path provided by the medium via either physical or electrical separation: multiple cables, frequency-division multiplexing, time-division multiplexing, code-division multiplexing A specific band of RF frequency: Wi-Fi channel #1 is 5 MHz around 2.412 GHz. The effect of the medium on the transmitted signal: signals and systems perspective: flat fading channel, Rayleigh fading channel Direction of “channel” Simplex systems: channels support only 1-way, or 1-direction, communication Half-duplex system: channels carry information in both directions, but not at the same time Full-duplex system: channels carry information in both directions simultaneously Direction is due to either physical medium or techniques Duplex Methods for separating channels of different directions Divide forward and reverse communication “channels” on the same physical medium FDD: freqency-division duplex, separate outward and return signals in different frequency band TDD: time-division duplex, separate outward and return signals in different time slots FDD can be used in both analog and digital system, but TDD can only be used in digital system FDD is more efficient for symmetric traffics, while TDD is good for asynchronous traffics (data rates of two directions are different) FDD is easier for radio planning since no interference among base stations. But TDD requires complex synchronization among base stations Downside: FDD needs guard band. TDD needs switching time, has latency, and is more complex Multiple Access Methods for multiple users to share a channel Differs from “duplex”: all users send information in the same direction Three main multiple access methods: FDMA: frequency divi