basic infrastructurefor scientific useof- i r i s（基本infrastructurefor科学使用-我r s）（13页）.docVIP

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basic infrastructurefor scientific useof- i r i s（基本infrastructurefor科学使用-我r s）（13页）.doc

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Scientific Use of Fiber-Optic Submarine Telecommunications Cable Systems Rhett Butler Director, IRIS Ocean Cable 1200 New York Avenue NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20005 rhett@ Introduction. The first generation of fiber optic submarine cables began a revolution for telecommunication. The bandwidth available in these systems truly created the information superhighway across the oceans between North America, Europe, Japan, and other centers of digital culture. The development and installation cost of these systems exceeded $2,000,000,000. These electro-optical systems, though state-of-the-art in their time, have now been surpassed by purely optical systems with vastly greater capabilities. Because the second-generation systems are purely optical, using in-line lasers to amplify the signals rather than electro-optical regenerators, they may be upgraded “in place”—by changing only the terminal equipment the bandwidth may be increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude. This versatility coupled with the current underutilization of existing fiber capacity (estimated at less than a 10%), has led to the decision of telecommunications companies to retire their first generation fiber optic systems more than decade earlier than originally planned. This presents an extraordinary opportunity for science. Figure 1. The TPC-1 and Hawaii-2 coaxial submarine telephone cables were transferred for scientific use in the 1990’s. Seven first generation fiber optic Cable Systems are now being retired, and are being considered for scientific use. Cabled Seafloor Observatories are essential to the Ocean Sciences (NRC, 2000), and the intellectual merit and broader impacts of these observatories have been discussed in a succession of NSF workshops and NRC reports. These fiber optic telecommunications cables being retired by the telecommunication industry are now being offered for scientific reuse by ATT, and are in discussions with the overseas owners. These Cable Systems include three Pac