导论名词解.docVIP

导论概念 Hardware The physical elements of a computing system (printer, circuit boards, wires, keyboard…) Software The programs that provide the instructions for a computer to execute Abstraction A mental model that removes complex details （Early History of computing）： Abacus An early device to record numeric values Blaise Pascal Mechanical device to add, subtract, divide multiply Joseph Jacquard Jacquard’s Loom, the punched card Charles Babbage Analytical Engine Ada Lovelace First Programmer, the loop Alan Turing Turing Machine, Artificial Intelligence Testing Harvard Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC I Early computers launch new era in mathematics, physics, engineering and economics 1st Generation ： Vacuum Tubes Large, not very reliable, generated a lot of heat Magnetic Drum Memory device that rotated under a read/write head Card Readers ?-》 Magnetic Tape Drives Sequential auxiliary storage devices 2nd Generation Transistor Replaced vacuum tube, fast, small, durable, cheap Magnetic Cores Replaced magnetic drums, information available instantly Magnetic Disks Replaced magnetic tape, data can be accessed directly 3rd Generation Integrated Circuits Replaced circuit boards, smaller, cheaper, faster, more reliable. Transistors Now used for memory construction Terminal An input/output device with a keyboard and screen 4rd Generation Large-scale Integration Great advances in chip technology PCs, the Commercial Market, Workstations Personal Computers were developed as new companies like Apple and Atari came into being. Workstations emerged. Moore’s Law The number of transistorsincorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months. Parallel Computing Computers rely on interconnected central processing units that increase processing speed. Networking With the Ethernet small computers could be connected and share resources. A file server connected PCs in the late 1980s. ARPANET and LANs -? Internet Machine Language Computer programs were written in binary (1s