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41. 　作为燃料的石油 　　1. This chapter might perhaps have been entitled Petroleum as a Primary Source of Heat, Light and Power, for it is not intended to do more than briefly mention those other important cases where oil is a secondary source of energy. 本章似应以“作为初级热、光和动力源的石油”为副题，因为对于石油在其中用作二次能源的其他重要情况，本章只打算简略提及。Among the most important of these is the use of petroleum fuels in central power stations for the generation of electricity, supplementing or replacing the solid fuel historically used for this purpose. 最重要的情况之一是石油作为电站燃料用于发电，以补充或取代历史上为此目的而使用的固体燃料。An equally striking use of petroleum is in the gas industry where, in addition to the very large quantities of gas oil and fuel oil employed for enriching or carburetting water gas(thus increasing its calorific value to the level normally required by regulations), modern techniques enable us to manufacture town gas from any petroleum feedstock, from methane to heavy fuel oil. 同样令人惊讶的是石油用于煤气工业，在此，除大量粗柴油和燃料油被用作水煤气的富化和增碳（这是为了增加它的热值以达到通常由规范所要求的水平）此外，现代技术使我们能够用任何石油供料，从甲烷到重油，来加工城市煤气。Thus heat, light and power in the familiar form of gas or electricity on tap may well be manufactured from petroleum fuels in the first place. 这样，以煤气和电这种随用随取的熟悉形式出现的热、光、和动力，都首先是可以从石油燃料中加工而得的。 　　2. Fuels derived from petroleum may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. 从石油中得到的燃料可以是气体、液体和固体等形式。The solid fuels may be dealt with briefly. 可以先简单提一下固体燃料。Wax, in the form of candles, is a long established illuminant, while petroleum coke, though on occasions marketed as a fuel, finds its preferred use as a material for the preparation of carbon electrodes. 石蜡，做成蜡烛的形式，是常用不衰的照明用品，然而油焦虽偶尔作为燃料出售，现在却找到了一种更合适的用途，即成为制造碳电极的材料。 　　3. Petroleum gases consist in principle of hydrocarbons in the C1 to C4 range. 石油气主要是C1到C4这个范围内的碳氢化合物组成的。The expressions C1,C2,C3 ... are a convenient shorthand for designation hydrocarbons with respectively 1,2,3 (and so on) atoms of carbon in the molecule. 用C1、C2、C3 ......等符号是一些方便的缩写，分别用以标记每个分子中含有1、2、3.....等等个碳原子的碳氢化合物，Thus the term C4 hydrocarb