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GLY 2030 10.02.d 4th Piece of Evidence:Magnetic Striping of Sea Floor Blackboard Exercise: Calculate Sea floor spreading rate… Thinnest near mid-ocean ridges Thickest along passive continental margins Thick offshore of large rivers 5th Piece of Evidence:Sediment Thickness Pattern Age increases systematically out from ridge Mid-ocean ridges less deep because young Deepest seafloor is oldest Age patterns truncated at trenches Depth (dark is deep) Age (orange is young) Correlation of sea floor depth and age 6th Piece of Evidence:Sea floor heat flow pattern Earth’s Plates / Plate Tectonic Theory Current Plate Tectonic Theory Chocolate covered cherry analogy Rigid outer shell Solid core Moveable liquid between the two Earths Structure 6371 km mean diameter Internal structure characteristics Composition and density Behavior (solid:liquid; weak:strong) Unifying concept of geology Evolution to biology Relativity to physics Current Plate Tectonic Theory Tectonics (Greek tecton = builder) Movement of Lithospheric Plates Large scale geologic processes (landforms, ocean basins, and mountains) Driven by forces deep within the Earth Lithosphere: 12 major plates (boiled egg-shell mode) Plate tectonics: processes related to creation, movement, and destruction of plates Plates may include both continents and parts of ocean basins or ocean basins alone; may large (Pacific Plate) or small (Juan de Fuca Plate) How do we know Internal Structure? Primarily based on seismology (earthquakes and seismic waves) Primary waves (compressional) propagate the fastest (6.5 km/sec in the crust) and pass through liquids and solids. Secondary (shear) waves propagate through solid materials, but not through liquid; about 4 km/sec in crust Focus--the site where energy is first released Focus depth--distance below the surface Link to seismic waves animation: /books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1002/es1002page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization Internal Structure Inner core (