ppt课件-topic3 basic spatial analysis- hofstra university（话题三基本空间分析-霍夫斯特拉大学）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-topic3 basic spatial analysis- hofstra university（话题三基本空间分析-霍夫斯特拉大学）.ppt

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Topic 2 – Spatial Representation A – Location, Shape and Scale B – Map Projections Conditions of Usage For personal and classroom use only Excludes any other forms of communication such as conference presentations, published reports and papers. No modification and redistribution permitted Cannot be published, in whole or in part, in any form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. Citation Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics Geography, Hofstra University. Location, Shape and Scale 1. Spatial Location and Reference 2. The Shape of the Earth 3. Map Scale Spatial Location and Reference Precise location is very important Provide a referencing system for spatial objects. Distance. Relative location. Navigation. Ownership. Coordinate systems Provide a set of coordinates identifying the location of each objects relatively to others or to an origin. Many basic coordinate systems. Represent points in 2-D or 3-D space. A map cannot be produced without some implicit spatial location and referencing system. Spatial Location and Reference Cartesian system René Descartes (1596-1650) introduced systems of coordinates based on orthogonal (right angle) coordinates. The origin is where the values of X and Y are equal to 0. By tradition, the value of X is called an easting, because it measures distances east of the origin. The value of Y is called a northing, because it measures distances north of the origin. A computer represents vector graphics as a Cartesian system. The earth’s surface in a GIS is “projected” in a Cartesian system. Spatial Location and Reference : Plane Coordinates Spatial Location and Reference: Global Systems Longitude / Latitude Most commonly used coordinate system. The equator and the prime meridian (Greenwich) are the reference planes for this system. Latitude of a point: Angle from the equatorial plane to the vertical direction of a line. 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south. Tropic of Cancer: summer solstice = 23.5 N Tropic of Capr