Chapter2 computer softerware.ppt

Computer English Computer English Operating system Key Words interface n. 界面，接口 environment n. 环境，外界 convenient adj.便利的，方便的 efficiently adv.有效率地，有效地 console n. 控制台 assembler n. 汇编程序（器） loader n. 装入程序 compiler n. 编译器 setup time 准备时间，建立时间 batch system 批处理系统 resident monitor 长驻（内存的）监控 程序 utilization n. 利用 Operating system off-line operation 脱机操作 buffering n. 缓冲技术 spooling n. 假脱机 multiprogramming n. 多道程序设计 time-sharing（time-shared）n. 分时 analyze vt. 分析，分解 sensor n. 传感器 process n. 进程，处理，过程 loosely coupled 松耦合的，松散耦合的 architecture n. 体系结构 time-shared operating system 分时操作系统 real time system 实时系统 spooling system 假脱机系统 Operating system Operating systems have developed over the past thirty years for two main purposes. First，they provide a convenient environment for the development and execution of programs. Second，operating systems attempt to schedule computational activities to ensure good performance of the computing system. 在过去三十年间操作系统主要朝着两个主要目标发展:第一，为程序的开发和执行提供了一个方便的环境;第二，操作系统试图通过对计算任务的调度以确保计算系统的良好性能。 Operating system Initially，computers were used from the console. Software such as assemblers，loaders，and compiler improved on the convenience of programming the system， but also required substantial setup time. To reduce the setup time，operators were hired and similar jobs were batched together. 最初，计算机只能通过控制台使用。诸如汇编程序、装入程序及编译程序这样的软件使系统软件编程更方便，但同时也需要大量的启动时间。为减少启动时间，计算机工作就需要操作员，且将相似的一批作业排在一起。 Operating system Batch systems allowed automatic job sequencing by a resident monitor and improved the overall utilization of the computer greatly. The computer no longer had to wait for human operation. However，CPU utilization was still low，because of the slow speed of the I/O devices relative to the CPU. Off-line operation of sl