research ppt-中英对照.ppt

* 1. Non-probability Sampling1. 非概率性抽样 Likelihood of selection of each element is unknown. → generalization about the population not possible with a degree of confidence 每个要素被选择的可能性都是未知的 →无法正确地说明样本的统计值在多大置信程度上适合于总体 Types of non-probability sampling: 非概率性抽样的种类 1) Convenience or Accidental Sampling 1）任意抽样或随机抽样 2) Judgment or Purposive Sampling 2）判断或立意抽样 3) Snowball Sampling (Chain Referral Sampling) 3）滚雪球抽样（连锁推荐抽样） 4) Quota Sampling ... most widely used among non-probability sampling methods 4）定额抽样 …最广泛使用的抽样方法 Sample Design 样本设计 Data Collection 数据收集 * 1) Convenience or Accidental Sampling1）任意抽样或随机抽样 A convenience sample is used when you simply stop anybody in the street, or when you wander round a business, a shop, a restaurant, a theatre or whatever, asking people you meet whether they will answer your questions. 任意抽样是指你在街上随意拦住某个人，或是你随意在某个公司、商店、饭店、电影院或任何其它地方乱逛，同时要求任意一个你遇上的人来回答你的问题。 In other words, the sample comprises subjects who are simply available in a convenient way to the researcher. 也是就说，该样本包含的主体是对于研究者来说最简单快捷可以触及的。 There is no randomness and the likelihood of bias is high. You cant draw any meaningful conclusions from the results you obtain. 该抽样方法不具有随机性，且其偏差的可能性较高。因此，我们难以从中概括出任何有意义的结论。 However, this method is often the only feasible one, particularly for researchers with restricted time and resources, and can legitimately be used provided its limitations are clearly understood and stated. 然而，这种抽样方法却往往是唯一可行的方法，特别是当研究者受到时间和资源限制时。在这种抽样方法在不足和局限为大家所清楚地了解或阐释时，该种抽样方法可以合理地使用， * 2) Purposive Sampling2）立意抽样 Purposive sampling targets a particular group of people. When the desired population for the study is rare or very difficult to locate and recruit for a study, purposive sampling may be the only option. 立意抽样针对特定的群体。当这项研究所需的人群是较为罕见或很难找到或招募了的，立意抽样可能是唯一的选择。 For example, the researcher is interested in studying cognitive processing speed of young adults who have suffered closed head brain injuries in a