economicsopen_university3_science.doc- john p birchall（economicsopen_university3_science。doc -约翰p伯彻尔）.docVIP

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economicsopen_university3_science.doc- john p birchall（economicsopen_university3_science。doc -约翰p伯彻尔）.doc

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the rise of scientific europe Europe’s Awakening Problems Approaches. Democracy, capitalism science. Science revolution. Comparison of differences. 1.2 The Greek Miracle, 600 - 200 BC. The laws of nature create order (cosmos) which is discoverable by rational investigation. The Greeks invented theory. They produced ideas to explain evidence. Causes not myths. Greece was not like the vast, centralised, monarchies of the Near East. Babylon, Mesopotamia Egypt, were theocratic, unknowns were the work of the Gods, to be revered not investigated. They observed but didn’t develop any complementary theory. Their observations buildings were for religious ceremonies, not discovery trade. Pyramids not navigation. The Greeks did have Gods but they were not overwhelming. Activities were focused in rival democratic ‘city states’, encouraging debate ( altercation), there was no restriction on ideas. ‘Rhetorical’ persuasion, was confined to ‘logical’ reasoning ‘scientific’ method. There developed a competitive why?? There must be a reason, it was not simply - ‘the Gods at work’. Collaborative scientific research was done in Institutions - Plato’s Academy, Aristotle’s Lyceum, Alexandria’s Museum Great Library. Pythagoras 500 BC, harmony of simple ratios. The laws of nature were based on maths atoms could be discovered by reason. This was the breakthrough into theory. Hippocrates 400 BC, observation of chicken embryos. Herophilus 300 BC, dissecting criminals. Euclid 300 BC, geometry, deductions from axioms. Truth of theory depends on truth of axioms. Archimedes 287 - 212 BC, statics the lever, ‘reductio ad absurdum’. Ptolemy 100 -178 AD, in Alexandria, astronomy. Geometry observation. The geocentric system, well developed theory but errant observations were simply ignored. Galen 129 - 200 AD, medicine. Ideas theories for Africa, particularly the idea of proof from basic axioms but seldom checked for validity by experiment. Lack of instruments? Plato 427 - 347 BC.