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m e t e o r o l o g y- wayne state（m e t e o r o l o g y -韦恩州立）.doc

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METEOROLOGY GEL-1370 Chapter Seven Atmospheric Circulations Goal for this Chapter We are going to learn answers to the following questions: What are eddies? How are these eddies formed? How are sea breezes and land breezes formed How are monsoons are formed? What are chinook? How they are formed? What kind of weather sea breeze and chinook bring? Why how winds blow around the world the way they do? How heat is transported from equatorial regions poleward? What are El Nino? How are they formed Scales of Atmospheric Motion Winds: Workhorse of weather, moves storms and large fair weather systems around the globe; transports heat, moisture, dust, insects/bacteria, pollen, etc. Circulations are arranged according to their sizes; hierarchy of motion is called scales of motion tiny gusts to giant storms Microscale: Eddies constitute the smallest scale of motion; few meter in diameter; form by convection or by the wind blowing an obstruction; short-lived (few minutes) Mesoscale (Meso: middle): Size from few km to ~100 km in diameter; lasts from minutes to a day; include local winds, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and small trophical storms Scales of atmospheric motion; tiny microscale motions constitute a part of the larger mesoscale motions and so on Scale of atmospheric motion with the phenomena’s average size and life span Eddies Synoptic scale: Weather map scale; extend from 102-103 kms; life time: days to weeks Planetary (global) scale: Largest wind pattern; wind pattern extend over the whole earth; Macroscale: synoptic + planetary scales Eddies: When wind encounters a solid object, eddy forms on the object’s downwind side; size and shape of eddy depend on the size of the object and speed of the wind; wind flowing over a building produces a larger eddies that can be size of the building Mountain Wave Eddy: Strong winds blowing over a mountain in stable air produce a mountain wave eddy on the downwind sie, with a reverse flow near the ground Eddies – contd. Wind S