literature review- c s u s a p student staff unix host（文献综述- c s u s p学生员工unix主机）.docVIP

Maori Kowledge, Language and Participation in Mathematics and Science Education Literature Review Introduction Debates about Maori knowledge, language and participation in mathematics and science education can be located within an international literature that explores the relationship between both indigenous and minority relationships with Western scientific and mathematical knowledge in a Western educational context. There is a large body of literature about the nature of science and mathematics with respect to culture. There is significant debate about the conception of science between ‘universalists’ and ‘multiculturalists’, with a systemic positioning at whatever point on the ‘universalist’/‘multiculuturalist’ continuum having significant pedagogic implications. A positioning on this continuum must be informed by a conception of the scientific and mathematical nature of traditional knowledge. There is a significant literature which considers the similarities and differences between Western Modern Science (WMS) and traditional indigenous knowledge bases. This debate is significant in terms of understanding the nature and extent of cognitive conflict for those who might experience a cultural conflict between the cultures of the home and school. It is also important when set alongside the relationship of the physical to the metaphysical in indigenous thought and the suggestion that conflict between the physical and metaphysical could make WMS threatening to indigenous cultures. If it is accepted, as it is by several Maori scholars, that the threat of WMS to indigenous cultures is overstated and that Maori scientific and mathematical education is desirable issues of language, culture and pedagogy arise. There is a literature which argues strongly that Maori participation and performance in mathematics and science is undermined by low teacher efficacy and low student self-expectation, inadequate teacher subject, pedagogic and cultural knowledge and conflict bet