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acrosome reaction 顶体反应blastomere (卵)裂球blastula 囊胚cleavage 卵裂ectoderm 外胚层endoderm 内胚层fertilization 受精gastrulation原肠胚形成gastrula原肠胚mesoderm 中胚层neurulation神经胚形成oogenesis卵子发生ovary 卵巢，子房oviduct 输卵管ovum（复ova）卵子primitive streak 原肠胚sperm 精子spermatogenesis 精子发生yolk 卵黄zygote 受精卵actin 肌动蛋白cytoskeleton 细胞骨架dynein 动力蛋白microfilament 微丝microtubule 微管myosin 肌球蛋白tubulin 微管蛋白adenine 腺嘌呤cytosine 胞嘧啶guanine 鸟嘌呤nucleoside 核苷purine 嘌呤pyrimidine 嘧啶thymine 胸腺嘧啶age structure 年龄结构allelopathy 异种相克相成现象，种间感应作用allopatric 异地物种形成chemotaxis 趋化性clade 进化枝cline 梯度变异convergent evolution 趋同进化density-dependent factors 密度制约因子density-independent factors 非密度制约因子dihybrid cross 双因子杂合子杂交divergent evolution 趋异进化exponential growth curve 指数生长曲线extinction 灭绝germ plasm theory 种质学说hybrid sterility 杂种不育性interspecific competition 种间竞争intraspecific competition 种内竞争logistic growth curve 逻辑生长曲线macroevolution 宏观进化，种外进化microevolution 微进化，种内进化mortality 死亡率natality 出生率pangenesis 泛生论parallel evolution 平行进化parthenogenesis 孤雌生殖phylogeny 种系发生population density 种群密度punctuated equilibrium 间断平衡survivorship curve 存活曲线sympatric speciation 同域物种形成，分布区重叠物种形成test cross 测交allele 等位基因diploid 二倍体dominant 显性gene amplification基因扩增genotype 基因型haploid 单倍体heterokaryon 异核体heterozygous 杂合的incomplete dominance 不完全显性karyotype 核型nuclear envelope 核膜nucleoid 拟核nucleolus（复nucleoli）核仁nucleosome 核小体recessive 隐性的anaphase (分裂)后期cell plate 细胞板centriole 中心粒centromere 着丝粒chromatid 染色单体chromatin 染色质chromosome 染色体cytokinesis 胞质分裂DNA polymerase DNA聚合酶double helix 双螺旋histone 组蛋白homologous pair 同源染色体对homology 同源homozygous 纯合的interphase(cycle) 分裂间期（周期）law of independent assortment 自由组合定律law of segregation 分离定律meiosis 减数分裂metaphase (分裂)中期metaphase plate 赤道板mitosis 有丝分裂nondisjunction 不分离Okazaki fragment 冈崎片段one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis 一基因一酶假说one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis 一基因一多肽假说phenotype 表型prophase (分裂)前期replication fork 复制叉semiconservative replication 半保留复制spindle 纺锤体telophase (分裂)末期ascomycetes 子囊菌ascus（复asci）子囊basal body 基体basiddiocarp 担子果basidiomycetes 担子菌