新编简明语言学重要期末考点要素.doc

一、选择题 15% 二、T/F 15% 三、概念解释 4题 20% 四、简答题 30% 五、语言现象分析 20%TG grammar，bond morpheme, sentence relation 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 3. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language. It can not be used alone. 4. A word is a meaningful grammatical language unit which can be used by its own. 5. Lexicon refers to all the words or mental words that a speaker knows. 6. Compound refers to the way of forming new words by stringing words together in certain manner. 7. An allomorph is any the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 8. The major branches of linguistics ? 写出五大分支：语音学/音位学/形态学/句法学/语用学 Phonetics语音学is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication. Phonology音位学 is the study of sound patterns in human language Morphology形态学 is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words. Syntax句法学 is the study of rules that govern the grammatical formation of sentences. Pragmatics语用学 is the study of how language is used in actual communication. Semantics语义学 is the study of language meaning. Lexicology词汇学is the study of words and phrases. 9. distinctions in linguistics : 1) prescriptive规定性，提供说话的规范/descriptive描述性，关心人们的说话方式而不是规定该怎么说 modern linguistics is mostly descriptive 2) synchronic共时性研究/ diachronic历时性研究（几个时段一起研究） modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, because it focus on studying a language at some point of time in history. 在特定的一个时期 3) speech口语 / writing书面语 (two major media of communication) speech is prior to writing 原因： from the point of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing ; speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed ; speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother language. 4) langue语言 / parole言语(说话的最终方式） langue refers to the abstract linguistic system ; parole focuses on the realization of language in actua