英语结构衔接必备知识.docVIP

王长喜之考研英语结构衔接必备知识 (一)定语从句 1.定语从句的特征 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密，为句中不可缺少的成分，如去掉，则主句意思不完整或不明确。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散，如去掉，主句内容仍完整。在书面语中，非限定性定语从句一般用逗号与主句隔开。 引导定语从句的关联词包括： (1)关系代词：that，which，whose，who, whom，as。 (2)关系副词：when，where，why。 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句子成分：主语(who，which，that)；宾语(that，which，whom)；定语(whose，of which)；状语(when，where，why)。 2.定语从句中关系词的运用 (1)关系代词。 关系代词的选择一般需从三方面来考虑：先行词是指人还是指物；关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语还是定语；该从句是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。 关系代词作宾语时，一般可省略。如： I know that he is a man who/that means what he says. (先行词指人，关系代词在限定性定语从句中作主语) The man whom/that she met told her a lie. (先行词指人，关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语) The watch which/that was lost has been found. (先行词指物，关系代词在限定性定语从句中作主语) Here is the material which/that you need. (先行词指物，关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语) He is the only one whose advice she may accept. (先行词指人，关系代词在限定性定语从句中作定语) (2)关系副词。 关系副词的选择主要看先行词。如先行词为表示时间的名词，如time，day等，则用when；如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place，house，area等，则用where；如先行词为reason，则用why。另外，where = in which，why = for which。例如： Ill never forget the village where/in which I spent my childhood. I dont know the reason why/for which he did that. Ill never forget the day when I first entered the college. (3)关系代词that和 which的区别。存在以下情况之一时，只能用that来引导定语从句： 第一，先行词是all，everything，something，anything，little，nothing等不定代词时； 第二，先行词前有next，first，last，only，few，much，some，any，very，no等词修饰时； 第三，先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时。例如： Ive explained everything (that)I can to you. This is the most beautiful city (that)Ive ever been to. ②非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，且关系词不可省略。例如： His lecture, which bored everyone, ended at last. The teachers daughter, whom I met last month, sent me an e-mail. (4)which和as引导定语从句的区别。在非限定性定语从句中，先行词是整个句子时，一般用which或as来引导。which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，as在从句中一般只充当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于：which只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活，既可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。此外，as引导定语从句时还常和such，so，as或same连用，一般没有明显的先行词，as一般可以译为“正如，就像…那样”。 例如：Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which/as is known to all. As everybody knows, he is a good boy. Such things as you have described are most important to me. He is that kinds of man, such as peopl