生态学英文版期末复习资料.doc

名词解释： 1、Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. 2、Physical environment is made up of such things as temperature, water, wind, soil, air.; Physical environment can be natural or man-made. Mostly, it is a mix of the two. 3、Biotic environment: Comprising any influences on an organism that are exerted by other organisms, including competition, predation, parasitism, and cooperation. 4、urban ecology：the study of interactions between urban organisms （primarily human-beings) and their environment. 5、Ecosystem：.A defined space which includes plants, animals (organisms) and physical interactions . The biggest and most complicated study unit of ecology. 6、Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem. 7、Ecological succession ：A fundamental concept ecology, refers to more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community. 8、Climax Community ：The final or stable community in the process of ecological succession is the climax community or climatic vegetation. 9、Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of all living things 10、Trophic levels are ranks in the food chain. A food chain represents only one possible route for the transfer of energy in an ecosystem. 8、urban ecosystem models are based on the interaction of the social, biological ,and physical components of a city. Ecological Footprint：The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earths ecosystems. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes, and to mitigate associated waste. 12、Ecosystem service function is the capacity of natural processes and components to provide goods and services that satisfy human needs, directly or indirectly. ? Chapter one 1、Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. 2、Physical env