week 8 simple future and future perfective.pptVIP

The Difference Between “will” and “shall” In contemporary American English, the auxiliary verb shall is rarely used. In British English, shall and will are often used interchangeably(可互换地) with no difference of meaning in most circumstances. Internationally, will is now the standard choice for expressing future plans and expectations. However, in first-person questions shall is often used to express politeness, and in legal statements, shall is used with a third-person subject for stating requirements. Please see the usage notes below. Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time. (Barack Obama) The British Constitution has always been puzzling and always will be. (Queen Elizabeth II) I will call you later. Here is my principle: Taxes shall be levied according to ability to pay. That is the only American principle. (Franklin D. Roosevelt) Down the stairs? Well, dont stop when you get to the basement. Keep straight on. Give my regards to the earths core! And if you give us any more trouble, I shall visit you in the small hours and put a bat up your nightdress. (Basil Fawlty in Fawlty Towers) Shall we dance? Shall?denotes simple futurity in the first person. Will?denotes simple futurity in the second and third persons. Hence, the following were supposed to be the proper forms of expressing simple futurity: I shall/you will grow old some day. (Declarative) Shall I/will they be here to-morrow? (Interrogative) However,?will?is typically used in all persons to express simple futurity and shall is largely lost. Bryan A. Garner observes that “there‘s simply no reason to hold on to shall. The word is peripheral in American English” (Garner’s Modern American Usage).没理由继续坚持用shall，该单词在美式英语中已经无足轻重了。 The Difference Between “be going to” and “will” be going to 的可能性和肯定的语气比will大。? ?He is seriously ill. He is going to die.?It seems that there will be a famine(饥荒) in Somalia.? be going to 含有“已经计划好”的意思，而 will 则说话时突然作出的决定 ，如：?She is going to len