英汉语言句法对比重点.pptVIP

英汉语言对比 句法对比 General differences 1. synthetic language analytical language What is a synthetic language? 综合性语言是指通过次词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格、数、时等）的语言。e.g. He is speaking on the phone. (通过动词speak的变化来表示进行时态） He spoke to me so yesterday. (speak变为spoke表示过去式） What is a analytical language? 分析型语言指该语言中语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。e.g. Every night for weeks there had been much preaching, singing, praying, and shouting, and some very hardened sinners had been brought to Christ, and the membership of the church had grown by leaps and bounds. 一连几周每天晚上教堂里都有许多布道、唱歌、以及大声祈祷等活动，连一些极其顽固的罪人也被带引到了上帝面前，一时间教堂的信众人数陡增。 英语是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言; He will be speaking in the congress tomorrow. (综合型) He will speak in the congress tomorrow.(分析型) 汉语是分析型语言，语序是重要的语法手段： 学习政治 to study politics 政治学习 the study of politics 一会儿再说 //再说一会儿 坐车到郊外 // 到郊外坐车 我喜欢，我选择。// 我选择，我喜欢。 屡战屡败//屡败屡战 …… 2. Hypotaxis parataxis What is hypotaxis (形合), and what is parataxis (意合)？ English is a hypotactic language and Chinese a paratactic one. Hypotactic relations at the sentential level refer to construction whose components are linked through the use of conjunctions. (句子的形合关系指依靠连接成分的使用将句子结构的各个组成部分的连接起来) eg. * Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast. *The man ran away when he saw the dog. *John loves Mary and Mary loves John, too. 英语语法呈外显性(overtness) ；语法型 Paratactic relations refer to constructions whose components are linked in meaning through juxtaposition and punctuation/ intonation and not through the use of conjunctions (句子的意合关系指组成句子的各个成分依靠意思来连接，只需将各个成分并列、或用标点符号，语调连接起来，而不使用连接词等) 男女老少都参加了战斗。 (Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.) 一定在下雪，外面这么亮。 It must be snowing, for it is so bright outside. 趁热打铁。 Strike while the iron is hot. 她美，她年轻，她要强，她勤俭。 老太太理不直，气不壮，力不够，抵挡不住，索性坐到地上，哭了起来。 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)；语义型 Conjunctions are used more frequently in English than in Chinese. Write to me when you have time. 有时间就给我写信。 They were so moved that tears came to their eyes. 他们感动得热泪盈眶。