chapter-8 Evaporation幻灯片.pptVIP

Chapter 8Evaporation Falling-film evaporator Examples Example 8.2. A fruit juice is to be concentrated in a single-effect forced recirculation evaporator from 10% to 45% soluble solids. The feed rate is 5500 lb/h or 2497 kg/h. Steam condensing at 250?F(121.1?C) is used for heating. The vapor temperature in the evaporator should be at 130?F (54.4?C). Assume the soluble solids are hexose sugars in calculating the boiling point rise. Use Siebel’s formula for calculating the specific heat of the juice. The feed is at 125?F (51.7?C). The heat transfer coefficient, U, is 500 BTU/ (h ? ft 2 ? ?F) or 2839 W/(m 2 ? K). Calculate the steam economy to be expected and the heating surface area required. Multiple effects evaporator Enthalpy balances around n-effect Vapor Recompression Adiabatic recompression of vapor results in an increase in temperature and pressure. Recompression involves increasing the pressure of the vapor to increase its condensing temperature above the boiling point of the liquid in the evaporator. Compression of saturated steam would result in superheated steam at high pressure. The ratio between the latent heat of the saturated steam produced from the hot vapors and the work of compression is the coefficient of performance of the recompression system. The amount of water vaporized on per unit heat transfer area at per unit time. kg/(m2·h). The symbol I is used to express production intensity of a evaporator. 由上式可以看出，欲提高蒸发器的生产强度，必须设法提高蒸发器的总传热系数和传热温度差。 2 Evaporator production intensity Feed at boiling point without any heat losses，then： 传热温度差主要取决于加热蒸气和冷凝器中二次蒸气的压强。 传热温度差的提高是有一定限度的，原因如下： 加热蒸气的压强越高，其饱和温度也越高，但是加热蒸气常受工厂的供汽条件所限。一般为300~500kPa，有时可高达600~800 kPa。 提高冷凝器的真空度，使溶液的沸点降低，也可以加大温度差，但是这样不仅增加真空泵的功率消耗，而且因溶液的沸点降低，使粘度增高，导致沸腾传热系数下降，因此一般冷凝器中的压强不低于10~20 kPa。 为了控制沸腾操作局限于泡核沸腾区，也不宜采用过高的传热温度差。 一般来说，增大总传热系数是提高蒸发器生产强度的主要途径。 总传热系数U值取决于对流传热系数和污垢热阻。 蒸气冷凝传热系数通常比溶液沸腾传热系数大，即传热总热阻中，蒸气冷凝侧的热阻较小。 在蒸发器的设计和操作中，必须考虑及时排除蒸气中的不凝气，否则，其热阻将大大增加，使总传热系数下降。 一般多效蒸发装置的末效或后几效总