G Chapter Morphology培训讲义.ppt

Chapter 3 Morphology Today’s focus 1. The definition of morphology 2. The definition of morpheme 3. Types of morphemes 4. Morphs and Allomorphs 1. What is morphology? Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure，forms and classes of words. 2. What is morpheme? Morpheme: it is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. (The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme or we may say a morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.) 词素是最小的有意义的单位。他是语言中最小的构词单位。 3. Types of morphemes Free morphemes: those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves, E.g.: boy, girl, table, nation. Such words are called mono-morphemic words（单语素词）.All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. Free morphemes are all roots / free rules, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words. Free morphemes can be divided into two categories: A. Lexical morphemes 词汇语素( n., v., adj.) E.g., book, desk, look, love, long, happy. B. Functional morphemes 功能语素 (conj., prep., art., pron.) E.g., and, but, if, in, the, it and that. Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, but function only as parts of words. They must appear with at least another morpheme. E.g. : distempered dis-, temper, -ed boys boy, -s unexpect un-,expect Bound morphemes can be classified into two categories: A. Derivational morphemes 派生语素 They are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. E.g., -er, –ness, –ful, –less, -ly kind (adj.) care (v.) happy (adj.) kindness (n.) careless (adj.) happily (adv.) B. Inflectional morphemes 曲折语素 Another type of morphemes that changes the form of a word but does not change the central meaning of the word, nor its lexical category. They are used