Lecture Types and shapes of Distributions培训讲义.pptVIP

Distributions Frequency Distributions Shapes of Distributions Types of Distributions Frequency distribution Tabular arrangement of score values showing the frequency with which each value occurs. Nominal Ordinal Scales ? Bar Graphs Tables Interval Ratio Scales ? Histograms Bar Graph(Nominal Ordinal Scales) Frequency Table(Nominal Ordinal Scales) Gender of subject Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid male 316 49.8 49.8 49.8 female 319 50.2 50.2 100.0 Total 635 100.0 100.0 Histogram(Interval/Ratio Scales) Histogram ? Frequency Polygon Histogram Frequency Polygon Shapes of Frequency Distributions Vary by evenness of distribution of scores across the range of the scale Types Symmetric, Positive Skew, Negative Skew Mesokurtic, Leptokurtic, Playkurtic Bimodal Examples of different shapes of distributions Bimodal Skewness = 0 Skewness 0 Skewness 0 Examples of different shapes of distributions Kurtosis = 0 Kurtosis 0 Kurtosis 0 Mean = Median = Mode Symmetric Mode Median Mean Positive Skew Mean Median Mode Negative Skew Central tendency of Distributions Normal distribution Skewness = 0 Kurtosis = 0 Mean = Median = Mode Skewed distributions Median is a better indicator of central tendency than mean for descriptive purposes Multimodal Distributions Mode is the best measure of central tendency Types of Distributions Sample distribution Population distribution Sampling distribution Sample Distribution Distribution of raw scores (Xi) in a sample Statistics Mean: SD: s Sample +1s +2s +3s -3s -2s -1s X Sample Distribution When sample size is big enough, the shape of the distribution is smooth, symmetric, and normal. Population Distribution Distribution of raw scores (X’s) in a population Parameter Mean = μ SD = σ Sampling Distribution A distribution of sample means Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Sample