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* 致命性母体效应 (lethal maternal effect) 在拟谷盗 (flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum) 中，若母体携带一种称为Medea (maternal effect dominant embryonic arrest) 的基因，会导致子代中不带此基因的个体，在胚胎或幼虫时间死亡；此种基因在其他 Tribolium 的物种中也有发现[1]。针对 T. castaneum 不同品种间所带的 Medea 基因的进一步序列分析，显示此基因很有可能在演化历史上有单一起源，而后再散布至全球各地的不同族群[2]。目前已有在实验室中成功合成具母体效应的自私基因的案例[3]。 [4] C.Roca, J.Cuesta, A.Sánchez (2006), Time scales in evolutionary dynamics, Physical review letters, vol.97, pp.158701. Z.X.Wu, Z.H.Rong, P.Holme (2009), Diversity of reproduction time scale promotes cooperation in spatial prisoners dilemma games, Physical Review E, vol.80, pp.36106. Z.H.Rong, Z.X. Wu, W.X.Wang, Emergence of cooperation through coevolving time scale in spatial prisoners dilemma, submitted to Physical Review E (revision). /wiki/Maternal_effect A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and phenotype of its mother. In genetics, maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the genotype of the mother, irrespective of its own genotype, often due to the mother supplying mRNA or proteins to the egg. Maternal effects can also be caused by the maternal environment independent of genotype, sometimes controlling the size, sex, or behaviour of the offspring. It has been proposed that maternal effects are important for the evolution of adaptive responses to environmental heterogeneity. /wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E4%BD%93%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94 母性效应基因的研究进展 Advance in research on maternal-effect genes 个体发育中存在一个关键过程即由母性基因组活动向胚胎基因组活化的转变.这需要依赖贮存在卵母细胞中的母性mRNA和蛋白质.早在对果蝇的研究中已经证实,母性效应基因(maternal-effect gene)对卵母细胞向胚胎转变以及胚胎的早期发育起着关键作用.近年,越来越多的证据表明母性效应基因在哺乳动物发育中同样起着关键作用,并证明了人类相似母性效应基因的存在.本文综合了各方面对哺乳动物母性效应基因的研究结果,简述了其研究现状及新近的进展. * ER突变 SF渐变 Coherence resonance (相干共振) p?1, selection happens frequently and C is frequently exploited by D. P?0, selection is very slow; defectors around the boundary have enough time to obtain