光学Dec th培训教案.ppt

Sources of Radiation In order to be suitable for spectroscopic studies, a source must generate a beam of radiation with sufficient power for easy detection and measurement and its output power should be stable for reasonable periods. Sources are of two types. 1. Continuum sources 2. Line Sources Continuum Sources: Continuum sources emit radiation that changes in intensity slowly with wavelength. It is widely used in absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. For the ultraviolet region, the most common source is the deuterium lamp. High pressure gas filled arc lamps that contain argon, xenon, or mercury serve when a particular intense source is required. For the visible region of the spectrum, the tungsten filament lamp is used universally. The common infrared sources are inert solids heated to 1500 to 2000 K. Line Sources: Sources that emit a few discrete lines find wide use in atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic and molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Mercury and sodium vapor lamps provide a relatively few sharp lines in the ultraviolet and visible regions and are used in several spectroscopic instruments. Hollow cathode lamps and electrodeless discharge lamps are the most important line sources for atomic absorption and fluorescence methods. Laser Sources The term ‘LASER’ is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser are highly useful because of their very high intensities, narrow bandwidths, single wavelength, and coherent radiation. Laser are widely used in high-resolution spectroscopy. Laser Examples: Solid state Nd:YAG [1064 nm: IR; 523 nm: green], cw/pulsed Gas He-Ne [632.8 nm: red], cw Ar+ [488 nm (blue) or 514.5 nm (green); also UV lines, cw (4-level system] Dye Organic dye solutions ? tunable outputs (various distinct ?s), pulsed (4-level system) Four processes in Lasing Mechanism: 1. Pumping 2. Spontaneous emission (fluorescence) 3. Stimulated emission 4. Absorption Pumping