大学英语四级语法培训教案.pptVIP

Substitution Inversion Nominal substitution We use “one(s), the same, the kind, the sort, etc.” to substitute the noun phrases. There are good films as well as bad ones. Do you know those gentlemen over there? The one with grey hair is her father. The new design is much better than the old ones. American food is not the same as the English (kind / food). (“one” cannot be used here because the substituted is an uncountable noun.) Nominal substitution We cannot say: …I’d like a one.* …Let’s take his one.* …but my wife like both ones.* …I’d rather use my own one.* …I have only two ones.* Notice the difference between “one” and “it”. I want a car, but I can’t afford to buy one. (indefinite) I want this car, but I can’t afford to buy it. (definite) Nominal substitution The difference between “that” and “one”: This is a point of idiom rather than one of grammar. The study of idiom is as important as that of grammar. The cost of wheat is less than that of rice. A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice. Verbal substitution We use pro-verb “do/do so” to substitute the verb phrases. A: We all hate hypocrisy. B: Yes, everybody does. He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so? Notice the difference between “So+do+subject” and “So+subject+do”. He saw a film last night. So did he. He saw a film last night. So he did. Clausal substitution We use “so/not” to substitute a clause. A: Do you think he’ll come tomorrow? B: Yes, I think so. / No, I think not. We say: I am afraid /believe /expect /fear /guess /hope /suppose so/not. But we cannot say: I’m sure so/not*, I doubt so/not*, I know so/not*. A: She’s having a baby. B: How do you know (that/ *so)? A: She told me (so). Why do you ask (*so)? Inversion 1. Fronting without inversion: A horrible mess you’ve made of it. Very strange it seemed. Joan he gave nothing, but George he gave 10 pounds. Fool Jo