Awareness of paragraph group eight class three.pptVIP

Ways of Developing Paragraphs Normal Three Group 8 主讲：尹五羊 Development by Cause and Effect 主讲人： 尹五羊 4.Development by examples or generalization 举例说明是指为读者提供例证，进一步阐明主题思想。在写作中,作者可先表明观点,然后用一个或多个事例加以证明。举例说明细分为两种,一是用一串短小的例子,或词或句或小事例俱可,一是用较长的一个事例加以证明。 要点 一.在连句成段时，要注意到如果一个段落有举例说明，那么它肯定会有主题句或起始句，有时甚至还有总结句。 (通常为general-to-specific pattern和specific-to-general pattern) 要点 二.如果作者选用一串例子，应注意其先后顺序，通常最重要的往往在最后。如课本的sample 17 二.如果作者选用一串例子，应注意其先后顺序，通常最重要的往往在最后。如课本的sample 17 Words and phrases used for making generalization and giving specific details For exanple… That is… Such as… As follows … By way of example… To name a few… To be specific… Like… For instance… Especially… ...e.g. 5.Development by comparison and contrast 比较与对比 对事物相似性和差别的探究产生了比较和对比模式。比较侧重于相似性，而对比侧重于差别。比较和对比可以分开使用，也可以合在一起使用，从而展开一个意思，或把两个事物联系起来。一般来说比较以两种方式进行（block comparison和alternative comparison）。有时也可以两种方法结合起来，穿插进行比较，这就是综合比较法。 并列比较法 block comparison 并列比较法，即首先集中说明一个对象的各种有比较意义的特征，然后再集中说明另一个对象与之相比较的特征。如课本p86的sample 21，作者先集中说明 Ulysses S.Grant，再集中说明Robert E.Lee，两者前后形成了对比。 逐点比较法alternative comparison 逐点比较法，即把两个对象的特征按照相比较的顺序，逐条进行比较。 The first electronic computer, Eniac, went into operation not even fifty years ago, yet the difference between it and today’s home computer are enormous. Eniac was enormous itself, consisting of forty panels, each two feet wide and four feet deep. Today’s PC or Macintosh, by contrast, fits easily on a small table. Eniac had to be configured by hand, with its programmers taking up to two days to reset switches and cables. Today, the average home user can change programs in an instant. And for all its size and inconvenience, Eniac was also slow.In its time,its operating speed of 100,000 pulses per second. However, today’s home machine can operate at 4 million pulse per second or faster. 类比模式 analogy 我们可以对同一个大范畴的成分进行比较和对比，我们也可以用一种特殊的比较法把不同范畴的成分连接起来，这种方法叫类比。通过这种方法。我们经常把