心理学 personality优秀培训书.pptVIP

Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas of personality Source Traits: Underlying traits of a personality; each reflected in a number of surface traits Cattell also created 16PF, personality test Gives a “picture” of an individual’s personality Figure 10.3 FIGURE 10.3 The 16 source traits measured by Cattell’s 16 PF are listed beside the graph. Scores can be plotted as a profile for an individual or a group. The profiles shown here are group averages for airline pilots, creative artists, and writers. Notice the similarity between artists and writers and the difference between these two groups and pilots. Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientious Neuroticism Openness to Experience Figure 10.4 FIGURE 10.4 The Big Five. According to the five-factor model, basic differences in personality can be “boiled down” to the dimensions shown here. The five-factor model answers these essential questions about a person: Is she or he extroverted or introverted? Agreeable or difficult? Conscientious or irresponsible? Emotionally stable or unstable? Smart or unintelligent? These questions cover a large measure of what we might want to know about someone’s personality. Trait-Situation Interactions: Traits ______________ with ____________ to determine ________________. Behavioral Genetics: Study of inherited behavioral traits. Are different parts of our personality pre-determined? Habits: Learned behavior patterns; makes up structure of personality. Governed by: Drive: Any stimulus strong enough to goad a person into action (like hunger) Cue: Signals from the environment that guide responses Response: Any behavior, either internal or observable; actions Reward: Positive reinforcement SOUND FAMILIAR? Definition: An explanation that combines learning principles, cognition, and the effects of social relationships Psychological Situation: How the person interprets or defines the situation Expectancy: Anticipation that making a response will lead to reinforcement Reinfo