财政学第二章.pptVIP

Chapter 4 - Public Goods Public good definition Derivation of aggregate demand curves Inefficient provision of public goods Free rider problem Public versus private provision Review：公共产品理论的发展沿革 19世纪末，奥地利和意大利学者将边际效用价值论运用到财政学科研究上，论证了政府和财政在市场经济运行中的合理性、互补性，形成了公共产品理论。 　　1919年产生的林达尔均衡是公共产品理论最早的成果之一分配进行讨价还价，并实现讨价还价的均衡。 萨缪尔逊Samuelson 1954年《The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure》公共产品定义为这样一种产品：每一个人对这种产品的消费并不减少任何他人也对这种产品的消费。这一描述成为经济学关于纯粹的公共产品的经典定义。 1956年蒂鲍特（C.M.Tiebout）《A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures》，随即出现了大量关于地方公共产品的文献，地方公共产品问题指：一些公共产品只有居住在特定地区的人才能享用，因此个人可以通过迁居，来选择他消费的公共产品。vote with their feet 　布坎南Buchanan在1965年的《An Economic Theory of Club》中首次对非纯公共产品(准公共产品)进行了讨论，公共产品的概念得以拓宽，认为只要是集体或社会团体决定，为了某种原因通过集体组织提供繁荣物品或服务，便是公共产品。 70年代以后，公共产品理论的的发展主要集中在设计机制保证公共产品的决策者提供的效率原则。 一种思路是设计一种计划程序诱导个人会基于自己的利益而真实显示其对公共产品的偏好即激励机制设计问题，克拉克和格罗夫斯等人对后一思路进行了大胆探讨。 二是公共选择机制 Public Goods Defined Pure public goods share two characteristics Nonrival – Cost of another person consuming the good is zero Nonexcludable – Very expensive to prevent others from consuming the good Examples of Public and Private Goods Public Goods National defense House cleaning in an apartment with many roommates Fireworks display Music file sharing Uncongested freeway Private goods Pizza Health care? Congested freeway Impure Public Goods Most goods that are thought of as public goods may not strictly satisfy the nonrival or nonexcludable assumption. A scenic view is a public good without congestion, but the quality diminishes as more the number of sightseers increases. Thus, a scenic view becomes rival. Nonrival or Nonexcludable Which determines a good is a Private Good or public good ? (discuss) Valuation of Public Goods Everyone consumes same quantity of public good Marginal benefit of public good varies by person In the house cleaning example, different roommates value the clean apartment differently. Efficient Provision of Private Goods Derivation of aggregate demand Each person’s demand curve represents th