药理学 药效动力学及影响药物作用的因素专用课件.pptVIP

8. 种族（ETHNICITY） Genes Social Cultural Environment INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC 心率降低（%） 心平均动脉压降低率降低（%） 运动 站立 静卧 静卧 站立 中国人 白人 In the age of the Genome，Why do people respond differently to drugs? Variability in:- Drug metabolism genotype Drug transporter genotype Drug receptor genotype Drug/drug/environment /genotype interactions GeneChip Analysis S M A R T C A R D J.P. Xu GENOME (Confidential) Personalized Medication in the Future In the future (? years), your doctor will be able to select the best drug to treat your disease and the appropriate dose based on knowledge of your specific genetic makeup! Xenobio GeneChip Prescribed Dose Administered Dose .Patient Compliance .Medication Errors Concentration at Locus of Action .rate of extent of absorption .body size and composition .distribution in body fluid .binding in plasma and tissue .rate of elimination .physiological variable .pathological factors .genetic factors .interaction with other drugs .development of tolerance .drug-receptor interaction .functional state .placebo effects Intensity of Effect * * * * * * Thalidomide is a drug that was introduced on to the market on October 1, 1957 in West Germany. Thalidomide soon became a drug prescribed to pregnant women to combat symptoms associated with morning sickness. When taken during the first trimester of pregnancy, Thalidomide prevented the proper growth of the foetus resulting in horrific birth defects in thousands of children around the world. These children were born in the late 1950s and early 1960s and became known as Thalidomide babies. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 增敏（hypersensitization） 长期用拮抗药后反应性增强 特例： Nicotine是N-R的激动剂 长期吸烟的人脑组织中N-R数目上调！ 第六节 Factors affecting drug response 药物因素 Pharmaceutical Factors 机体因素 Biological Factors ● ● 药物因素 Pharmaceutical Factors 1. 药物剂型 硝酸甘油 舌下含服：0.2-0.4mg 口服：2.5-5mg 贴皮：10mg 剂型是药物的应用形式，对药物效应的发挥起非常重要作用 a．改变药理作用的性质 b．影响药物疗效和毒副作用 c．影响药物作用的潜伏期和持续时间 d．靶向作用如静脉乳剂、