水资源综合管理.doc

水资源综合管理（IWRM） – Introduction to Principles and Practices -原理与实践简介 1. 1。 The Current Water “Picture” 现行水“图片” Water is essential to sustain human life. 水是维持人类生命。 It plays a vital role in many human 它起着至关重要的作用，许多人 activities, including industrial production, agriculture, energy, sanitation, and transportation, 活动，包括工业生产，农业，能源，卫生，交通， in addition to sustaining ecosystems that provide valuable services to both environment and 除了维持生态系统提供有价值的服务及环境保护 human. 人类。 Although water seems to be abundant on the planet, 97% of the Earths water is 虽然水似乎是地球上丰富的水，对97％的地球 seawater, making it unfit for most human uses. 海水，使它不适合大多数人使用。 Of the remaining 3%, 87% is inaccessible, 余下的3％，87％是无法访问， either locked in polar icecaps or in deep underground aquifers. 要么锁在极地冰盖或在很深的地下蓄水层。 Thus, only 0.4% of all of the 因此，只有0.4％的所有 water on earth is in a form that is usable and accessible by human beings (CAP-Net 2003). 水是地球上的形式是可用的和）进入2003年的净人（上限。 Out of all renewable freshwater that reaches land by precipitation, most returns to the 在各种可再生淡水的降水土地，返回到最 atmosphere via evapo-transpiration, while the remainder is available as runoff. 通过大气，土壤水分蒸发，蒸腾，而其余部分可作为径流。 Thus, while 因此，虽然 only 8% of total renewable freshwater is being used directly by humans, it is estimated that 只有8％的总的可再生淡水是人类直接使用，据估计， 54% of accessible annual runoff is currently withdrawn, with higher figures in water-scarce 径流54％，目前每年的访问撤回，具有较高的数字，在缺水 areas (UN WWDR1, 2003). 地区（联合国WWDR1，2003年）。 The scarcity of water is being noticed in much of the world. 在缺水的被发现在世界许多地方的。 More than two billion 超过20亿 people in 40 countries live in river basins under “water stress”, where per capita supply is 在40个国家的人民生活在江河流域在“水分胁迫”，其中人均供水 less than 1,700 m 小于1700米 3 3 per year (Revenga 2000). 每年（雷文2000年）。 Population growth and economic development 人口增长和经济发展 have caused demand for water to increase drastically over the past century. 造成水的需求大幅增加，在过去的世纪。 Global 全球 population increased by a factor of three during the 20 人口增长了3倍，期间20 th 日 century,