Biochemistry.doc

Biochemistry 生物化学 Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. The term carbohydrate reflects the fact that many of the compounds in this category have the empirical formula CH2Othey are literally hydrates of carbon. they are literally hydrates of carbon. 碳水化合物这一术语，反映了一个事实，这类化合物有很多的经验公式CH 2 O们实际上是“碳水合物。” Carbohydrates are the primary source of food energy for most living systems.碳水化合物是食物中的能量的大多数生命系统的主要来源。 They include simple sugars such as glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) as well as polymers of these sugars such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose.它们包括单糖，如葡萄糖（C 6 H 12 O 6）和蔗糖（C 12 H 22 O 11），以及这些糖类如淀粉，糖原和纤维素等聚合物。 Carbohydrates are produced from CO 2 and H 2 O during photosynthesis and are therefore the end products of the process by which plants capture the energy in sunlight.碳水化合物是光合作用过程中产生的CO 2和H 2 O，因此，高端产品的过程，这植物捕获阳光的能量。 Lipids, on the other hand, are defined on the basis of their physical properties.脂类，另一方面，其物理性能。 Any molecule in a biological system that is soluble in nonpolar solvents is classified as a lipid.溶于非极性溶剂中的任何一个生物系统的分子被列为一种脂质。 The lipid known as cholesterol, for example, is virtually insoluble in water, but it is soluble in a variety of nonpolar solvents including the nonpolar region between the inner and outer surfaces of a membrane. 例如，脂质如胆固醇，几乎不溶于水，但它易溶于多种非极性溶剂包括膜的内外表面之间的非极性区域。The name nucleic acid was originally given to a class of relatively strong acids that were found in the nuclei of cells.名称核酸最初一类在细胞核发现的比较强酸。 As monomers, nucleic acids such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are involved in the process by which cells capture food energy and make it available to fuel the processes that keep cells alive.为单体，如三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的核酸参与过程，细胞捕捉食物的能量，并使其可用的保持细胞存活过程。 As polymers, they store and process the information that allows the organism to grow and eventually reproduce.聚合物，存储使生物体的成长，并最终的信息，。 Although there are a vast num