膜水的基本原则.doc

膜水的基本原则 Treatment 治疗 Alyson Sagle and Benny Freeman Alyson Sagle和Benny弗里曼 1 1 Introduction 简介 Membranes emerged as a viable means of water purification in the 1960s with the development 膜的出现与发展在20世纪60年代作为净化水质的一种可行的手段 of high performance synthetic membranes. 高性能合成膜。 Implementation of membranes for water treatment 水处理膜的执行情况 has progressed using more advanced membranes made from new materials and employed in 使用新材料制成，并受聘于的更先进的膜已取得进展 various configurations. 各种配置。 An increasing scarcity in fresh water sources fueled a push towards 在淡水资源的日益匮乏，助长了对推 alternative resources such as ocean water. 如海水替代资源。 In the 1970s, exploration began into using membranes 在20世纪70年代，勘探开始考虑使用膜 for water desalination. 海水淡化。 Proving successful at producing purified water from salt water, 证明是成功的在生产纯净水从盐水， membranes became a viable alternative to evaporation-based technologies in the water treatment 在水处理膜蒸发技术成为一种可行的替代 market. 市场。 Over the years, purified water standards have become more stringent, and a plethora of 多年来，纯净水的标准更加严格，以及大量的 new applications have appeared. 新的应用出现。 However, membranes have risen to the challenge and continue 然而，膜具有上升的挑战，并继续 to perform efficiently and effectively 高效和有效地执行 1 1 . 。 Background 背景 Types of membranes. Water treatment processes employ several types of membranes 膜水处理工艺类型采用几种类型的膜 1 1 . 。 They 他们 include microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and nanofiltration (NF) 包括微滤（MF），超滤（UF），反渗透（RO）和纳滤（NF） membranes (Figure 1) 膜（图1） 2 2 . 。 MF membranes have the largest pore size and typically reject large MF膜的最大孔径，通常拒绝大 particles and various microorganisms. 颗粒和各种微生物。 UF membranes have smaller pores than MF membranes 超滤膜比MF膜收细毛孔 and, therefore, in addition to large particles and microorganisms, they can reject bacteria and 因此，除了大颗粒和微生物，它们可以拒绝细菌和 soluble macromolecules such as proteins. 水溶性大分子，如蛋白质。 RO membranes are effectively non-porous and, 反渗透膜是有效的非多孔， therefore, exclude particles and even many low molar mass species su