对比度变换和空间滤波案例.pptVIP

二、对比度变换 直方图与图像的质量 概念：是一种通过改变图像像元的亮度值来改变图像像元对比度，从而改善图像质量的图像处理方法。 将图像中过于集中的像元分布区域（亮度值分布范围）拉开扩展，扩大图像反差的对比度，增强图像表现的层次性。又叫辐射增强。 方法：对比度线性变换和非线性变换。 二、对比度变换 线性变换：在改善图像对比度时，如果采用线性或分段线性的函数关系，那么这种变换就是线性变换。 调整线性参数，改变变换效果 分段式线性变换 非线性变换：变换函数为非线性函数时，即为非线性变换。 A linear stretch involves identifying lower and upper bounds from the histogram (usually the minimum and maximum brightness values in the image) and applying a transformation to stretch this range to fill the full range. This graphic illustrates the increase in contrast in an image before (left) and after (right) a linear contrast stretch. 三、空间滤波 以重点突出图像上某些特征为目的。 滤波增强的原理:任何一个复杂的波形曲线都可以分解成具有不同频率（波长）的较为简单的波形曲线。 概念:根据需要，舍弃不需要的频率曲线，选择适宜和需要的频率波形曲线，重新构成新的图像，使一些地物或现象得到突出显示。 三、空间滤波 空间滤波：以突出图像上的某些特征为目的，通过像元与周围相邻像元的关系，采取空间域中的邻域处理方法进行图像增强方法。 图像卷积运算：在图像的左上角开一个与模板同样大小的活动窗口，图像窗口与模板像元的亮度值相乘再相加，得到新像元的灰度值。 Spatial Filtering Spatial filtering encompasses another set of digital processing functions which are used to enhance the appearance of an image. Spatial filters are designed to highlight or suppress（抑制） specific features in an image based on their spatial frequency. Spatial frequency is related to the concept of image texture, and refers to the frequency of the variations in tone that appear in an image A common filtering involves moving a ‘window’ （活动窗口）of a few pixels in dimension (e.g. 3x3, 5x5, etc.) over each pixel in the image, applying a mathematical calculation using the pixel values under that window, and replacing the central pixel with the new value. Image of CHURN Farm Daedalus 1268 ATM Channel 3 A low-pass filter（低通滤波） is designed to emphasise larger, homogeneous areas of similar tone and reduce the smaller detail in an image. Thus, low-pass filters generally serve to smooth（平滑） the appearance of an image. A high-pass filter （高通滤波）does the opposite, and serves to sharpen the appearance of fine detail in an image. Directional or edge detecting filters highlight linear features, such as roads or field boundaries. Ver