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evolutionofconcreteskyscrapers
Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers:
from Ingalls to Jinmao
Mir M. Ali
Professor and Chairman, Structures Division
School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL 61820, USA
Email: m-ali@
Abstract
This paper has provided a broad overview of different historic developments for concrete high-rise buildings. The evolution of concrete skyscrapers from the first reinforced concrete high-rise, the Ingalls Building, which was 15 stories high to modern skyscrapers Petronas and the Jin Mao is discussed. How new innovations in construction technology such as the advances in formwork, mixing of concrete, techniques for pumping, and types of admixtures to improve quality have all contributed to the ease of working with concrete in high-rise construction is also briefly discussed in the paper.
Keywords
Tall buildings, Reinforced concrete, High-strength concrete, Construction Technology
1. Introduction
Concrete, unlike any other structural building material, allows the architects and engineers to choose not only its mode of production, but its material properties as well. When architects and engineers call for a concrete structural system, they must also specify a multitude of variables, such as its strength, durability, forming techniques, hardening characteristics, nature and extent of reinforcement, aesthetics and much more. As a result, the field of concrete tall building construction is rapidly changing and its limits are constantly being tested and stretched. The introduction of composite construction to tall tubular buildings, first conceived and used by Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings Merrill (SOM) in the 1960s, has paved the way for supertall composite buildings like the Petronas Towers and the Jin Mao building in the present era.
Travelling through time, one learns that the art of proportioning of concrete was known to the Roman builders and the Pharaohs of Egypt in a prim
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