lecture 语法流派【DOC精选】.doc

Syntax is the way words are put together to form phrases and sentences. To study syntax is to study the patterns and relationships of words, phrases and clauses. In the linguistic history, what are the ways for the study on the patterns and relationships? 1. Traditional linguistics 1850s to 1900s : traditional linguistics normative or prescriptive: attempt to prescribe the norm or proper language usage the grammar we learned in school about: the part of speech, the parsing, the Reed Kellogg sentence diagram useful but incomplete. The Reed-Kellogg System A simple sentence is shown as It rained.( Pattern VI). The diagram of a simple sentence begins with a horizontal line called the base. The subject is written on the left, the predicate on the right, separated by a vertical bar which extends through the base. The predicate must contain a verb, and the verb requires, permits or precludes other sentence elements to complete the predicate. The verb and its object, when present, are separated by a line that ends at the baseline. If the object is direct or indirect, the line is vertical. If the object is a predicate noun or adjective, the line looks like a backslash, \, sloping toward the subject. Basics of Reed-Kellogg diagrams I. Subject vs. predicate To diagram a sentence, you have to divide it into its component parts, or constituents. The most important cut is between subject and predicate, which are separated with a vertical line. The predicate contains the verb marked for tense plus any objects or subjective or objective complements. The predicate always contains a verb phrase. The minimal verb phrase is just a verb with tense marking (Pattern VI): Thats ridiculous. (Pattern II) Alice considered the situation. (pattern VII) Alice sent Bob an email. (Pattern VIII) Alice considers Bob a fool. (Pattern X) II. Key elements and modifiers The horizontal main line is for key structural elements: the subject, the verb, the direct object,