lecture THE THORAX【DOC精选】.doc

Chapter 5 THE THORAX Section 1 Introduction Ⅰ.Boundaries and divisions 1.Boundaries The thorax lies at the upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen. Below it is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm, above it is continuous with the neck, laterally it is separated from the upper limb by the anterior and posterior margins of the deltoid. Its upper boundary is formed by a line drawing from the jugular notch or suprasternal notch, along the superior margins of the clavicles to the acromions, and then to the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra. The lower boundary is formed by the xiphoid process in front, the costal arch on both sides, and the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly. The lateral boundaries of the thorax separating from the upper limb are the anterior and posterior margins of the deltoid. The apex of the lung and the cupula of pleura project into the neck through thoracic inlet. Some organs of the abdomen are covered by the thoracic cage, so the boundaries of the thorax is not consistent with the its contents. 2.Divisions Maybe everyone knows that a bottle consists of two parts: the wall and the cavity of the bottle. I think the thorax is similar to the bottle, it consists of the wall and the cavity. The wall includes the thoracic wall and the diaphragm. (1)The thoracic wall can be divided into two regions: The anterolateral thoracic region is located between the anterior median line and posterior axillary line, and the thoracodorsal region between the posterior axillary line and the posterior median line. (2)The diaphragm (3)The thoracic cavity is occupied by the mediastinum, the lungs and pleural sacs. The mediastinum is in the middle, the lungs and pleural sacs are in both sides. Ⅱ. Surface Anatomy 1.The Surface Landmarks includes the following the structures. (1)The jugular notch or suprasternal notch is a shallow notch on the superior margin of the manubrium (2) The clavicle is subcutaneous