The-black-death.(黑死病)试题.ppt

The black death(plague) Global terror(恐怖) in the 14th Century The bacterium(细菌，病菌） The black death was one of the most devastating (灾难性) events in human history. It was a plague (鼠疫,黑死病 ) which spread like fire throughout Europe and England between 1348 and 1350. It has been conclusively (最终;结论性的,下结论,总结性地 ) proven (被证明了的) that from analysis of DNA from plague victims that it was caused by bacteria. The rat flea This bacteria started in China, travelled along the Silk Road and reached the Crimea（克里米亚（半岛） in Russia in 1346. It was carried further from Russia by rat fleas (跳蚤 ) living on the black rats who lived on merchant（商人; 店主; 批发商; 零售商 ）ships. The black death is estimated to have killed between 50 and 60 percent of the population of Europe. Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we may die. A serious outbreak of the plague occurred in China in the 1890’s. In Europe the plague caused major problems to the Church and minorities such as jews (犹太人,犹太教徒). The uncertainty of survival caused a general feeling of morbidity (发病率,致病率 ) influencing people to live just for the moment. In October 2010 medical specialists confirmed the plague originated in Yunnan Province in southwest China. The plague doctor Almost unbelievably (不可信地), medical knowledge had declined in the 14th Century. The French believed that a conjunction of three planets caused the air to become infected. The importance of hygiene (卫生学;健康法) was only recognised in the 19th Century. Living conditions were bad. The streets were dirty. People and animals lived together and mixed together very freely. It is obvious that any disease will spread in these conditions. Blame the jews（犹太人） The modern plague has a high mortality (死亡率;大量死亡;失败数;失败率;人,人类 ) rate including fever of 38 to 41 degrees centigrade and unless treated by anti-biotics the plague will kill. Nobody in the 14th Century knew what caused the plague. The jews (犹太人,犹太教徒) a religious minority were accused of poisoning wells (井) from where people obt