神经元和神经胶质细胞.pptVIP

第十章  神经系统 基础医学院神经生物学教研室 陈 明 shycm@ 第一节 神经元与神经胶质细胞 神经元的分类 1、根据形态： 单极神经元 双极神经元 多极神经元 2、根据功能： 运动神经元 感觉神经元 中间神经元 神经纤维传导兴奋的原理 局部电流学说 局部电流的方式 无髓鞘纤维：近距离局部电流 有髓鞘纤维：远距离局部电流(跳跃式) 神经纤维兴奋传导的特征 神经纤维传导兴奋的速度 神经纤维的分类 神经元的轴质运输 轴质流动，运输物质 轴质运输的方式 轴质运输的分子机制 神经元的营养性作用 功能性作用： AP-递质-功能 营养性作用： N合成的营养性因子-轴浆运输-调节靶组织代谢 与AP无关 如：去神经支配的肌肉、脊髓灰质炎 神经营养因子 靶细胞和星形胶质细胞分泌 调节神经元代谢 神经胶质细胞的功能 第二节 神经元间的信息传递 种类：轴-树、轴-体、轴-轴等 * 直径5-100μm 具有和其它细胞一样的普通细胞器。但，线粒体、尼氏体密度特高，与功能对应。 The axons of many neurons are myelinated, ie, they acquire a sheath of myelin, a protein-lipid complex that is wrapped around the axon (Figure 2-3). Outside the CNS, the myelin is produced by Schwann cells, glia-like cells found along the axon. Myelin forms when a Schwann cell wraps its membrane around an axon up to 100 times. The myelin is then compacted when the extracellular portions of a membrane protein called protein zero (P0) lock to the extracellular portions of P0 in the apposing membrane. Various mutations in the gene for P0 cause peripheral neuropathies; 29 different mutations have been described that cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe. The myelin sheath envelopes the axon except at its ending and at the nodes of Ranvier, periodic 1-um constrictions that are about 1 mm apart. The insulating function of myelin is discussed below. Not all mammalian neurons are myelinated; some are unmyelinated, ie, are simply surrounded by Schwann cells without the wrapping of the Schwann cell membrane around the axon that produces myelin. Most neurons in invertebrates are unmyelinated. In the CNS of mammals, most neurons are myelinated, but the cells that form the myelin are oligodendrogliocytes rather than Schwann cells (Figure 2-3). Unlike the Schwann cell, which forms the myelin between two nodes of Ranvier on a single neuron, oligodendrogliocytes send off multiple processes that form myelin on many neighboring axons. In multiple sclerosis, a crippling autoimmune disease, there is patchy destruction of myeli