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激光基本原理 共振腔内放发光材料，用光源对它泵浦，使原子激发． 原子停留在激发态的平均时间（称为原子激发态平均寿命）很短，会有不少原子同时发射光子． 这些光子又诱导其它在激发态的原子产生受激辐射，腔内“相同”的光子数目加倍；如此循环，腔内“相同”光子数目以指数函数形式增长． 当受激辐射产生的光功率，比损失的数量还多，就进入振荡状态． 达到振荡状态时，处于高能态的原子数比在低能态原子数目多（称为粒子数反转）。 Properties of Laser light属性 (1). Monochromaticity单色性 er light is concentrated in a narrow range of wavelengths, i.e. the bandwidth or spectral linewidth of a laser is very small. Monochromaticity is related to coherence. (2). Coherence Two types of coherence : temporal or spatial. Temporal coherence describes the phase constancy as the wave travels through space. Spatial coherence describes the phase constancy across the wavefront. (3). Directionality Beam divergence（发散） All the emitted laser photons travel in the same direction. (4). Brightness All the energy is concentrated within the narrow spectrum of the active atomic transition. Stimulated emission, population inversion and gain (1) Interaction of light with matter (2) Spontaneous Emission Excited atoms normally emit light spontaneously Photons are uncorrelated and independent Incoherent light Spontaneous Lifetime原子从激发态返回基态或较低能态，约10-7s （3）Stimulated emission (A. Einstein ,1916) One photon in and two out—Amplification of Light Excited atoms can be stimulated into duplicating passing light Photons are correlated and identical Coherent light An incident photon strikes an atom and vibrates the atom in phase with it, the photon is not absorbed but triggers the emission of a photon if the atom is in an excited state. Emitted photon： is in phase with the incident photon. has the same wavelength as the incident photon. has the same polarization as the incident photon. travels in same direction as incident photon. （4） Essential ingredients of a laser light amplification + positive optical feedback Light amplification is achieved by stimulated emission. The amplification of the medium is defined by the gain coefficient , which is defined by the following equation: Thus the intensity grows exponentially within the