十大科学常识中的谬误中英双解.docVIP

十大科学常识中的谬误 There is nothing better than a bit of mythbusting (which accounts for the popularity of the television program of the same name), so here we are again, presenting you with a new list of terribly common misconceptions and myths – this time about science. 没有什么比“揭秘”更能吸引我们了（这也是为什么类似“大揭秘”这样的探索节目能够如此受到欢迎的原因）。所以今天这里将继续为大家介绍一些普遍存在的误解。这一期是关于科学上的误解。 Evolutionary Improvements The Myth: Evolution causes something to go from “lower” to “higher” While it is a fact that natural selection weeds out unhealthy genes from the gene pool, there are many cases where an imperfect organism has survived. Some examples of this are fungi, sharks, crayfish, and mosses – these have all remained essentially the same over a great period of time. These organisms are all sufficiently adapted to their environment to survive without improvement. Other taxa have changed a lot, but not necessarily for the better. Some creatures have had their environments changed and their adaptations may not be as well suited to their new situation. Fitness is linked to their environment, not to progress. 误解十：进化是从“低级”向“高级”发展 虽然自然选择将劣势基因从基因库中筛去是事实，但在有些情况下，不完美的基因存活了下来。比如菌类、鲨鱼、小龙虾、苔藓——这些生物在长时间内都保持基本不变。它们对自己的生存环境已经足够适应因此没有什么进化。 其他种类的生物也许改变了很多，但并非一定进化得更高级了。有些生物改变了它们自己的生存环境，但它们的进化发展未必适合它们的新环境。适合与否与环境有关，而不是与是否向高级进化有关。 Humans Pop In Space  The Myth: When exposed to the vacuum of space, the human body pops This myth is the result of science fiction movies which use it to add excitement or drama to the plot. In fact, a human can survive for 15 – 30 seconds in outer space as long as they breathe out before the exposure (this prevents the lungs from bursting and sending air into the bloodstream). After 15 or so seconds, the lack of oxygen causes unconsciousness which eventually leads to death by asphyxiation. 误解九：人在真空中会爆炸 科幻小说和电影为了加强作品的戏剧性而将这一误解强加给我们。事实上，只要在暴露于真空之前中呼了气（这可以阻止肺部破裂和向血液输入空气），人体可以存活15至30秒。但过了这一时间段，由于缺乏氧气，人体将迅速失去意识，最后窒息而死。 Brightest Star  The Myth: Polaris is the brightest